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58SUMMER2014HIGHSCHOOLILLUSTRATEDWWW.HIGHSCHOOLILLUSTRATED.COMDidYouKnow6CIVILWARHISTORYFACTS1.One-thirdofthesoldierswhofoughtfortheUnionArmywereimmigrantsandnearlyonein10wasAfricanAmeri-can.TheUnionArmywasamulticulturalforceevenamultina-tionalone.WeoftenhearaboutIrishsoldiers7.5percentofthearmybuttheUnionsranksincludedevenmoreGermans10percentwhomarchedoffinregimentssuchastheSteubenVolunteers.OtherimmigrantsoldierswereFrenchItalianPolishEnglishandScottish.Infactoneinfourregimentscontainedamajorityoffor-eigners.BlackswerepermittedtojointheUnionArmyin1863andsomescholarsbelievethisinfusionofsoldiersmayhaveturnedthetideofthewar.2.BlackUnionsoldiersrefusedtheirsalariesfor18monthstoprotestbeingpaidlowerwagesthanwhitesoldiers.WhenblacksoldiersbegansigningupwiththeUnionArmyinearly1863theywerepaid10amonth.Whitesoldierswerepaidatleast13withofcersearningmore.Blackswerefurtherinsultedwhenonlytheywerechargeda3monthlyfeeforclothingloweringtheirpayto7.Asaresultthehighest-paidblacksoldierearnedabouthalfthelowest-paidwhitesoldierssalary.Toprotesttheseconditionsblackregimentsrefusedtoaccepttheirinferiorwages.Finallypressurefromabolitionistcongressmencoupledwiththecour-ageblacksoldiershadshownincombatpersuadedCongresstorectifythepaystructure.InSeptember1864blacksoldiersnallyreceivedequalpaythatwasretroactivetotheirenlistmentdate.Formanythismeanttheynallyhadenoughmoneytosendsomehometotheirfamilies.3.Lincolnwasshotatandalmostkillednearlytwoyearsbeforehewasassassinat-ed.LateoneAugusteveningin1863afteranexhaustingdayattheWhiteHouseLincolnrodealonebyhorsetotheSoldiersHomehisfamilyssummerresidence.Aprivateatthegateheardashotringoutandmo-mentslaterthehorsegallopedintothecompoundwithabareheadedLincolnclingingtohissteed.Lincolnexplainedthatagunshothadgoneoffatthefootofthehillsendingthehorsegallopingsofastitknockedhishatoff.TwosoldiersretrievedLincolnshatwhichhadabulletholerightthroughit.ThepresidentaskedtheguardstokeeptheincidentunderwrapsHedidntwanttoworryhiswifeMary.4.GeneralUlyssesS.GrantwasntthebloodiestgeneralofthewarRobertE.Leewas.MaryLincolncalledGrantabutcherforthehorriclossessustainedbyhistroopsduringtheOverlandCampaigninthespringof1864twicethenumberofcasualtiesasLeesarmy.ButifcasualtiesarecountedproportionallyLeesarmysufferedthemostthroughoutthewar.ThisisbecauseLeerelishedtheattackatraitthatwonhimkeybattlessuchasChancellorsvilleandFredericksburgbutcosthimheavycasual-tiesPickettsChargeatGettysburgisanexampleandeventuallydecimatedtheArmyofNorthernVirginia.5.RobertE.LeesVirginiaestatewasconscatedbytheUnionandturnedintoacemeteryduringthewar.AswardescendedonVirginiaLeeandhiswifeMaryedtheir1100-acreVirginiaestateknownasArlingtonwhichoverlookedWashingtonD.C.In1863theU.S.govern-mentconscateditfornonpaymentof92.07intaxes.MeanwhileLincolngavepermissionforacemeterytobebuiltonthepropertyincludingaburialvaultontheestatesformerrosegarden.TheideawasthatshouldLeeeverreturnhewouldhavetolookatthesegravesandseethecarnagethathehadcreatedaccordingtohisbiographerElizabethBrownPryor.AfterthewartheLeesquietlylookedintoreclaimingArlingtonbuttooknoactionbeforetheydied.In1877theiroldestsonGeorgeWashingtonCustisLeesuedthefederalgovernmentforconscatingArlingtonillegallytheSupremeCourtagreedandgaveitbacktohim.ButwhatcouldtheLeefamilydowithanestatelitteredwithcorpsesGeorgeLeesolditbacktothegovernmentfor150000.Overtime250000soldierswouldbeburiedinwhatisnowArlingtonNationalCemetery.6.MoremendiedintheCivilWarthananyotherAmericanconictandtwo-thirdsofthedeadperishedfromdisease.Approximately625000mendiedintheCivilWarmoreAmericansthaninWorldWarIWorldWarIItheKoreanWarandtheVietnamWarcombined.IfthenamesoftheCivilWardeadwerearrangedlikethenamesontheVietnamMemorialitwouldstretchover10timesthewallslength.Twopercentofthepopulationdiedtheequivalentof6millionmentoday.Rieswerebyfarthewarsdeadliestweaponsbutdeadlierstillwasdisease.In1861asarmiesmassedmenonceprotectedfromcontagionbyisolationmarchedshouldertoshoulderandsleptsidebysideinunventilatedtents.Campsbecamebreedinggroundsforchildhooddiseasessuchasmumpschickenpoxandmeasles.OnemillionUnionsoldierscontractedmalariaandepidemicswerecommon.PROFESSORNERDLESSON1